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That would make sense if it were converted damage but that is not the case here I don't think. In your scenario poison damage would be affected by generic increased physical damage and more physical damage which to my knowledge doesn't happen.
That would make sense if it were converted damage but that is not the case here I don't think.
The transition from hit damage of a type to damage over time of a (potentially different) type is, at least ofr purposes of how modifiers apply, treated exactly the same as "x as extra y", which is a form of converstion (different from regular conversion in that you don't lose the converted thing).
In your scenario poison damage would be affected by generic increased physical damage and more physical damage which to my knowledge doesn't happen.
If the poison is caused by physical damage, then those will affect it, yes. Not if it's caused by other damage types.
See these images for a more detailed breakdown.
Does this mean that Poison is affected by "Physical Damage over Time Multiplier" from jewels?
No. At no stage in the process was there physical damage over time. There was originally base/added physical damage, which was effectively "converted" to chaos damage over time. It is therefore affected by any modifiers that would apply to physical damage, or to chaos damage over time.