When it says "base damage gets converted", that means only the dmg the skill has by default, so without any skill nodes or passives or gear gets converted AND the generic +melee damage from weapon implicits which inherits the dmg type of the skill, which would be void with the conversion, as it changes the skill tag from phys to void.
Any other kind of added dmg of a specific type like +melee physical damage will remain physical and won't get converted.
So you can have a void skill that deals 50 void dmg, 10 phys and 10 cold if you get those from gear or passives.
The base damage of a skill is usually only 1 for melee skills, as these are supposed to get their dmg mainly from weapons, but spells usually have much higher base dmg, so conversions have a "bigger" effect on them.
So conversion nodes on melee skill trees are pretty much only to change which type of dmg the generic melee dmg becomes and to change skill tags to potentially benefit from +level of void skills or stuff like that.
That relentless node just gives you generic %increased dmg so it applies to any dmg you deal.