Gee, I wonder if we have a Steam and a game/Windows issue here.
The error in your OP here: do you see our launcher okay but that error occurs when you hit PLAY in it? Or that error is when you hit PLAY in Steam, before our launcher appears?
DXDIAG is a program you run from the Windows search box on the task bar. After running it will open a window and start collecting info with a progress bar in the lower-left corner. When it completes click the 'save all information' button and save it to a file then attach that file here.
Please attach here your Documents/Paradox Interactive/CK3/pdx_settings.txt .
From your Documents/Paradox Interactive/CK3/logs/ folder, attach here system.log , error.log , exceptions.log