over 8 years ago - Red Eagle LXIX - Direct link
Depends on the button used to take the screenshot.

Game (F9) - Steam Client > Games Library > 7 Days To Die > Right-Click > Properties > Local Files > Browse Local Files.
This will take you to a path of
\SteamApps\common\7 Days To Die

Steam Overlay (F12) - Steam Client > View > Screenshots > 7 Days To Die > Click one of the pictures > Click Show on disk
This will take you to a path of (note: I already used your SteamID to look up the correct value for the your userid one below):
\userdata\\760\remote\251570\screenshots

Your specific path:
\userdata\43120317\760\remote\251570\screenshots

My Path:
\userdata\11423575\760\remote\251570\screenshots


Next you might ask how to check the value of AccountID1.
The information is fully public, every Steam account has certain always public info, and Valve has an API published to look it up.
Go to sites like SteamRep[steamrep.com], SteamDB[steamdb.info], etc.
Here is a sample of the Steam ID infor that Valve sends out as parsed and displayed by SteamRep.

Originally posted by SteamRep: | steamname: Red Eagle LXIX
| steam3ID: [U:1:11423575]
| steamID32: STEAM_0:1:5711787
| steamID64: http://steamcommunity.com/profiles/76561197971689303
| customURL: http://steamcommunity.com/id/RedEagleLXIX
| steamrep: http://steamrep.com/profiles/76561197971689303

EDITS to clarify and add paths.
EDITS2: Forgot to include the sample I mentioned.