sometimes the screen becomes as in the screenshot when in non-main view (i.e. trade routes, statistics screens, etc.)
after the bug occurs, returning to main view does not help
if the game is in full screen, alt-tab out and back again fixes this
if the game is in windowed full screen mode i found no workaround
EDIT: i at least figured out what this screen is, it's the background shown when switching from one of the statistics screens to the trade routes screen (and vice versa)